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Includes statements from Development Matters (birth to age five) and the relevant ELGs in full, for the Investigating light and shadow adult led activity
Early Learning Goal links
- Mathematics ELG: Numerical Patterns
- Understanding the World ELG: Past and Present
- Understanding the World ELG: People, Culture and Communities
- Expressive Arts and Design ELG: Creating with Materials
Characteristics of effective learning
Play, Be, C Units provide enabling environments with teaching and support from adults. Reflecting on the characteristics of effective teaching and learning, children will have opportunity to learn and develop by:
- Playing and exploring – children investigate and experience things, and ‘have a go’.
- Active learning – children concentrate and keep on trying if they encounter difficulties and enjoy achievements.
- Creating and thinking critically – children have and develop their own ideas, make links between ideas, and develop strategies for doing things.
Early Years Foundation Stage Statutory Framework: accessed November 2024. Available under the Open Government Licence v3.0.
What you will need
- A darkened room
- Torches- one per child
- Toilet roll or other tube
- A selection of familiar objects from around your setting. Try to include some transparent and translucent objects.
- The lighting technician poster
Duration
10 minutes
STEM vocabulary to introduce
Light, dark, shadow, source, block, change, shape, travel, long, short, big, small, straight, solid (opaque), see-through (transparent), translucent (you can see light through it but not clear shapes)
Before you start
Show the children the lighting technician poster and tell the children that they are going to be lighting technicians for this activity.
Ask the children if they know what a lighting technician does. Lighting technicians design the way lights are used in television programmes, films, concerts, and in the theatre, or plan how to light up buildings, statues or bridges from the outside.
Tell the children about the attributes. Lighting technicians are:
Observant and look carefully at light and shadows
Creative in the way they use lights to make people feel happy, sad, frightened or excited
Collaborative when they work in a team to set up lights for shows, filming and events
Tell the children that they will be lighting technicians and will be observing the effects they can create with light and shadows.
To assess how much the children already know about light and shadows, you could ask:
- Where does light come from?
- What do you think it is?
- What is a shadow?
- How do you make a shadow?
What to do – step 1
Give the children a torch each and ask them to turn it on. Shine the light from the torches on the walls, floor, ceiling and other surfaces. Get the children to try to touch or catch each other’s lights as they shine on the different surfaces.
You could ask:
- What can you see?
- What is coming out of the torch?
- Where is it shining?
- How do you get your light to shine on the ceiling/floor/wall?
- How did you get your light to catch your friend’s light?
Step 2
Explain to the children that light always travels in straight lines. Show the children how this works by shining your torch through the tube.
You could ask:
- Where is the light coming out of?
- Can it travel around the sides of the tube?
- Does it come out of the sides of the tube?
Step 3
Ask the children to shine their torches onto a wall, floor or ceiling, then put their hand in front of their torches.
You could ask:
- What has happened to the light?
- How did you make that shadow?
- Can you make the shadow bigger (by moving your hand towards the light)?
- Can you make the shadow smaller (by moving your hand away from the light)?
Step 4
Explain to the children that a shadow is formed when something solid blocks the light. Ask the children to choose an object and predict whether it will make a shadow if they put it in front of the torch.
Investigate making shadows with different objects. Try to include some transparent and translucent objects.
You could ask:
- Do all our objects make shadows?
- Which ones don’t?
- Do any objects make coloured shadows?
- Can you make a shadow bigger, smaller, taller, shorter, wider or narrower?
- How did you do this?
Remember to refer to the children as lighting technicians and praise them for using the attributes. You could say things like:
“You were observant like a lighting technician and noticed the differences in the shadows you created.”
Other things to try – changing the colour of light
Try using different coloured cellophane or translucent plastic to change the colour of the light.
You could try mixing the colours by adding different layers of plastic or by shining two different coloured lights onto the same place on a flat surface.
Other things to try – drawing shadows
Stick paper to the wall at floor level. Ask the children to place their torches on the floor, shining on the paper. Ask them to place an object in front of the light to create a shadow on the paper. Draw around the shapes of the shadow.
The science of lighting technicians
We have put together some useful information about the science of lighting technicians to accompany this activity. Don’t worry, this is for your information only and to help you answer any questions children may have. We don’t expect you to explain this to the children in your setting!
How do you make shadows?
Shadows are made by blocking light. Light rays travel from a light source in straight lines. You can model this in the activity (step 3) by shining light through the tube and observing it coming out of the other end. If an opaque (solid) object gets in the way, it stops light rays from travelling through it. An opaque material absorbs the light. This results in an area of darkness appearing behind the object. This is a shadow!
What does opaque mean?
Opaque objects absorb all the light coming from a light source so that no light can get through. Hands, thick card, solid toys are all opaque. It describes any object you can’t see through.
What does translucent mean?
Translucent materials absorb part of the light but allow part of the light through. The light that travels through the material is scattered so that you cannot see clearly through the material. Examples are tissue paper and frosted glass.
What does transparent mean?
Some objects let all the light through, like windows, water, lenses or clear plastic. These are called transparent.
How do I make shadows bigger and smaller?
To make a shadow grow bigger, move the object you are using closer to the light source. It will get fuzzier in appearance too. To make a shadow grow smaller and sharper, move the object further away from the light source.
